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During the Middle Ages, the ''Gran Tavola'' (Italian for "''Great Table''") was the largest Sienese bank,〔de Roover, Raymond A., and Larson, Henrietta M. 1999. ''The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank''. Beard Books. ISBN 1-893122-32-8. p. 2.〕 and one of the most powerful banks in Europe from 1255 to 1298. The ''Gran Tavola'' has been called "the greatest bank of the thirteenth century"〔Reinhard, Wolfgang. 1996. ''Power Elites and State Building''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820547-3. p. 212.〕 as well as "one of the largest commercial and banking enterprises in Europe".〔Brucker, Gene A. 1984. ''Florence, the Golden Age, 1138-1737''. Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-457-2. p. 74.〕 The main branches of the ''Gran Tavola'' during the mid-thirteenth century were in Pisa, Bologna, Genoa, Marseille, and Paris.〔 ==Rise== The ''Gran Tavola'' has its roots in the ''societas'' of the Bonsignori, which began activity in the 1240s with the participation of the Malavolti.〔Dolan, Claire. 1991. ''Travail et travailleurs en Europe au Moyen Âge et au début des temps''. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 307.〕 The ''Gran Tavola'' was founded by Orlando Bonsignori in 1255 and in the 1260s became the exclusive depository-general of the incomes of the Papal States.〔 Pope Innocent IV's (1243-1254) conflicts with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor had demonstrated plainly to the Roman Curia the importance of reliable and robust financial services relationships.〔 The first so-designated papal depository was the Piccolomini firm headed by Angeliero Solafico circa 1233 under Pope Gregory IX; the ''Gran Tavola'' filled this role between 1250 and 1270.〔Hayden B. J. Maginnis, Gabriele Erasmi. 2003. ''The World of the Early Sienese Painter''. Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-02338-4. p. 19.〕 The slightly larger Ricciardi bank of Lucca was also intimately involved in church finances.〔Dotson, John E. 2004. "Banks and Banking" in ''Medieval Italy''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93930-5. p. 92.〕 During the reign of Pope Clement IV, the bank became responsible for the collection of all the ecclesiastical tithes for the Holy Land. Under Pope Urban IV (1265-68), all pontifical taxes were collected by the ''Gran Tavola''.〔 After the 1260s, popes Nicholas III, Honorius IV, and Nicholas IV continued to use Sienese banks for a small amount of transactions.〔 The bank also supported Charles of Anjou in his conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily; through a network of "virtual banking syndicates" the bank secured a loan of 200,000 ''livres tournois'' for the Angevin monarch.〔Richard Bonney. 1995. ''Economic Systems and State Finance''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820545-7. p. 510.〕 The ''Gran Tavola'' benefited greatly from Charles's victory over the House of Hohenstaufen, having previously seen its commercial opportunities limited by Siena's political support of the Hohenstaufen.〔 The ''Gran Tavola'' was "at the center of financial operations in both Genoa and Tuscany"; Guglielmo Leccacorvo served as the bank's representative in Genoa.〔Lane, Frederic C. 1957. (). ''The Journal of Economic History'' 17(1): 130.〕 Bonsignori made his institution one of the most influential in Western Europe by expanding its reach into Catalonia, France, and England.〔Graboïs, Aryeh. 1980. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Medieval Civilization''. Mayflower Books. p. 151.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gran Tavola」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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